Pengaruh Intervensi Psikososial terhadap Kepatuhan Minum Obat pada Pasien dengan Skizofrenia
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Abstract
Skizofrenia adalah gangguan mental yang kompleks, dengan gejala khas yang muncul pada masa remaja akhir atau awal masa dewasa. Gejala psikotik akibat skizofrenia dapat ditangani dengan intervensi farmakologis dan psikososial. obat antipsikotik pada umumnya digunakan untuk pengobatan pada kasus skizofrenia dan gangguan psikotik lainnya. Meskipun antipsikotik memainkan peran dominan dalam pengobatan skizofrenia, terdapat beberapa masalah dan keterbatasan dalam penggunaannya. Hal inilah yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan angka kepatuhan pengobatan pada pasien. Pencarian dilakukan melalui PubMed, Science direct, dan Google Scholar menggunakan kata kunci peran intervensi psikososial dalam kepatuhan minum obat pasien skizofrenia. 31 jurnal yang diterbitkan setidaknya 5 tahun yang lalu diperoleh. Dari 61 artikel yang ditelaah didapatkan 31 artikel yang di review diketahui terdapat pengaruh faktor psikososial terhadap peningkatan angka kepatuhan minum obat pada pasien dengan skizofrenia. Beberapa bentuk terapi psikososial pada skizofrenia yang dapat berperan dalam meningkatkan status fungsional dan perbaikan gejala antara lain perawatan komunitas asertif, lingkungan, remediasi kognitif, FEP, intervensi keluarga, manajemen diri penyakit, psikoedukasi, pelatihan keterampilan sosial, dan terapi suportif. Mengingat keengganan dalam kepatuhan minum obat psikotik yang dipicu oleh insight yang buruk, jenis obat yang bermacam-macam, efek samping yang ditimbulkannya serta stigma yang ditimbulkan oleh konsumsi obat antipsikotik sehingga diperlukan intervensi psikososial untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan terhadap pengobatan antipsikotik oral. Dari literature review artikel yang didapatkan, intervensi psikososial berperan dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan terhadap pengobatan antipsikotik oral. Terapi psikososial mempengaruhi keterlibatan (membangun hubungan saling percaya), fokus (menentukan target perilaku untuk perubahan), membangkitkan (memunculkan motif baik pasien dalam mendukung perubahan: “perubahan pembicaraan”), dan perencanaan (membantu untuk bergerak menuju perubahan yang sebenarnya).
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