Identifikasi Faktor Risiko Terhadap Terjadinya Penyakit Tuberculosis
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Abstract
Tuberkulosis (TB) adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) dan merupakan ancaman kesehatan untuk masyarakat yang terjadi secara terus-menerus untuk sejumlah kompleks biologis dan alasan sosiologis. TB dianggap sebagai penyebab kematian kesembilan di seluruh dunia dan penyebab utama kematian oleh agen infeksius tunggal, dengan tingkat infeksi dan jumlah kematian tertinggi yang sebagian besar terjadi di negara-negara berkembang dan berpenghasilan rendah. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan studi literatur dari beberapa sumber artikel dan jurnal yang diperoleh melalui beberapa mesin pencari, diantaranya PubMed, Google Scholars, dan Science Direct yang terpublikasi dalam rentang waktu 5 tahun terakhir. Kriteria jurnal internasional terakreditasi Scopus. Pencarian jurnal dengan menggunakan strategi PICO, yaitu : P (Population) : Pulmonary tuberculosis patient, I (Intervention) : sosioeconomy, smoke, alcoholism, chronic disease (DM & HIV), and age, C (Comparison) : no-smoke, no-alcohol, no-chronic disease, adult, O (Outcome) : Relieve the Symptoms. Dari 30 artikel ditemukan beberapa faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya penyakit tuberculosis, diantaranya status sosioekonomi yang rendah, perokok aktif maupun pasif, konsumsi alkohol yang tinggi, diabetes melitus, orang dengan HIV positif, anak usia kurang dari 5 tahun, dan lanjut usia. Semakin rendahnya status sosioekonomi, semakin tinggi risiko terjadinya kasus tuberculosis. Perokok, baik aktif maupun pasien sama-sama berisiko untuk mengalami penyakit TB. Konsumsi alkohol yang tinggi juga dikaitkan dengan kejadian TB. Penyakit seperti DM dan HIV juga meningkatkan risiko terjadinya TB. Usia kurang dari 5 tahun dan lanjut usia juga memiliki peran dalam terjadinya TB.
Kesimpulan : Beberapa faktor risiko dari TB dapat dicegah untuk mengurangi morbiditas dan mortalitas akibat kejadian TB.
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